This textbook for medical students include an overview of essential information on etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostics and treatment of developmental and acquired orthopedic diseases and disorders, including musculoskeletal injuries. It also includes an overview of essential conservative and surgical procedures used in orthopedics and traumatology of the musculoskeletal system in adult and child patients. As this textbook is intended as an aid for the preparation of the final state exam in surgical fields for the students at the Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, the chapters are arranged according to questions taken from the “pool” of Orthopedics and Traumatology used in this exam. However, we believe that this textbook can help students from other medical faculties of Charles University as a tool for quick and easy reference to a range of orthopedic diseases and injuries to the musculoskeletal system.